Προβολή πηγαίου κώδικα για τη σελίδα Πρότυπο:Πληροφορίες πλανήτη/τεκμηρίωση

{{υποσελίδα τεκμηρίωσης}}
{{Intricate template}}

{{σημείωση|'''ΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ''': Η τρέχουσα τεκμηρίωση πιθανό να περιέχει σφάλματα ή να είναι ελλειπής ως προς την ονομασία παραμέτρων.}}

Αυτό το πρότυπο έχει σχεδιαστεί για την παρουσίαση πληροφοριών μη αστρικών αστρονομικών σωμάτων: [[πλανήτης|πλανητών]] (περιλαμβανομένων [[εξωηλιακός πλανήτης|εξωηλιακών πλανητών]]), [[πλανήτη νάνος|πλανητών νάνων]], [[φυσικός δορυφόρος|φυσικών δορυφόρων]] και [[ελάσσσων πλανήτης|ελασσόνων πλανητών]]. Μερικές παράμετροι δεν είναι εφαρμόσιμες σε συγκεκριμένα είδη· αυτά μπορούν να παραλειφθούν χωρίς περαιτέρω προβλήματα στη λειτουργία του προτύπου.



<pre>
{{Πλανήτης
|Όνομα                         = 
|Εικόνα                        = 
|λεζάντα                       =
|Πεδίο Ανακάλυψη               = 
|Ανακαλύφθηκε από              = 
|Ημερομηνία ανακάλυψης         = 
|Ημιάξονας τροχιάς             = 
|Εκκεντρότητα                  = 
|Περίοδος περιφοράς            = 
|Κλίση                         = 
|Φυσικός δορυφόρος             = 
|Διαστάσεις                    = 
|Μέση ακτίνα                   = 
|Έκταση                        = 
|Όγκος                         = 
|Μάζα                          = 
|Μέση πυκνότητα                = 
|Ισημερινή βαρύτητα επιφάνειας = 
|Ταχύτητα διαφυγής             = 
|Περίοδος περιστροφής          = 
|Κλίση άξονα                   = 
|Λευκαύγεια                    = 
|Επιφανειακή θερμοκρασία       = 
|Φαινόμενο μέγεθος             = 
|Ατμόσφαιρα                    =
|Περισσότερες εικόνες          =
}}
</pre>

<pre>
{{Πλανήτης
|Όνομα                         = Προμηθέας
|Εικόνα                        = [[Αρχείο:Prometheus - Voyager 2.jpg|280px]]
|Πεδίο Ανακάλυψη               = Ναι
|Ανακαλύφθηκε από              = Collins, [[Βόγιατζερ 1]]
|Ημερομηνία ανακάλυψης         = Οκτώβριος 1980
|Ημιάξονας τροχιάς             = 139.380 Km 
|Εκκεντρότητα                  = 0,0022
|Περίοδος περιφοράς            = 0,612990038 ημέρες
|Κλίση                         = 0,008 ± 0,004° (προς τον Ισημερινό του Κρόνου)
|Φυσικός δορυφόρος             = [[Κρόνος (πλανήτης)|Κρόνου]]
|Διαστάσεις                    = 119 × 87 × 61 Km
|Μέση ακτίνα                   = 43,1 ± 2 Km
|Έκταση                        = ~23.000 Km²
|Όγκος                         = ~340.000 Km³
|Μάζα                          = 1,566 ± 0,019 × 1017 kg
|Μέση πυκνότητα                = 0,47 ± 0,07 g/cm3
|Ισημερινή βαρύτητα επιφάνειας = 0,003 m/s²
|Ταχύτητα διαφυγής             = ~0,019 km/s
|Περίοδος περιστροφής          = [[Σύγχρονη περιστροφή|Σύγχρονη]]
|Κλίση άξονα                   = μηδέν
|Λευκαύγεια                    = 0,6
|Επιφανειακή θερμοκρασία       = ~74 K
|Φαινόμενο μέγεθος             = 15,8
}}
</pre>
{{Πλανήτης
|Όνομα                         = Προμηθέας
|Εικόνα                        = [[Αρχείο:Prometheus - Voyager 2.jpg|280px]]
|Πεδίο Ανακάλυψη               = Ναι
|Ανακαλύφθηκε από              = Collins, [[Βόγιατζερ 1]]
|Ημερομηνία ανακάλυψης         = Οκτώβριος 1980
|Ημιάξονας τροχιάς             = 139.380 Km 
|Εκκεντρότητα                  = 0,0022
|Περίοδος περιφοράς            = 0,612990038 ημέρες
|Κλίση                         = 0,008 ± 0,004° (προς τον Ισημερινό του Κρόνου)
|Φυσικός δορυφόρος             = [[Κρόνος (πλανήτης)|Κρόνου]]
|Διαστάσεις                    = 119 × 87 × 61 Km
|Μέση ακτίνα                   = 43,1 ± 2 Km
|Έκταση                        = ~23.000 Km²
|Όγκος                         = ~340.000 Km³
|Μάζα                          = 1,566 ± 0,019 × 1017 kg
|Μέση πυκνότητα                = 0,47 ± 0,07 g/cm3
|Ισημερινή βαρύτητα επιφάνειας = 0,003 m/s²
|Ταχύτητα διαφυγής             = ~0,019 km/s
|Περίοδος περιστροφής          = [[Σύγχρονη περιστροφή|Σύγχρονη]]
|Κλίση άξονα                   = μηδέν
|Λευκαύγεια                    = 0,6
|Επιφανειακή θερμοκρασία       = ~74 K
|Φαινόμενο μέγεθος             = 15,8
}}

== Usage notes ==
* This template expects that the {{tag|references|single}} tag will be present in articles {{clarify span|setting the ''minorplanet'' parameter to ''yes''|reason=cannot reproduce that claim. Seems like something is missing in the explanation}}. Pages without a {{tag|references|single}} tag will show {{color|red|Cite error: There are {{tag|ref|open}} tags on this page for a group named "note", but the references will not show without a {{tag|ref group&#61;"note"|open}} tag; see Help:Cite errors.}} at the bottom of the page.
* When parameters relating to [[minor planet]]s are used (e.g. ''mpc_name''), several subheadings and wikilinks within the template are made specific to minor planets. For standard formulas for computable values and sources of physical data, see [[Template talk:Infobox Nonstellar body#Computed values]] and [[Standard asteroid physical characteristics]].
* The proper orbital element "Proper orbital period" (in Julian years and days) is calculated within the template from proper mean motion and so does not require a parameter.
* For bodies orbiting bodies other than the [[Sun]], include the parameter {{para|apsis| ''(appropriate suffix)''}}. This will replace various parameters' default "-helion" suffix to the suffix set by the {{para|''[[apsis]]''}} parameter. For example, setting {{para|apsis| astron}} converts the labels "perihelion", "aphelion" and "Argument of perihelion" into "periastron", "apastron" and "Argument of periastron" respectively.

== Προτεινόμενες παράμετροι ==

=== Πλανήτες και εξωπλανήτες ===
{{Anchor|Exosolar planets}}
''Βλέπε {{section link||All parameters}} for a complete listing.''

{{Κουτί πληροφοριών πλανήτη
| extrasolarplanet = yes
| όνομα              = ''name''
| εικόνα             = Example image not to be used in article namespace.jpg
| image_alt          = ''image_alt''
| λεζάντα            = ''caption''
| apsis              = astron
| ανακαλύφτηκε       = ''discoverer''
| discovery_site     = ''discovery_site''
| discovered         = ''discovered''
| discovery_method   = ''discovery_method''
| alt_names          = ''alt_names''
| περίαστρο          = ''periastron''
| απόαστρο           = ''apoastron''
| semimajor          = ''semimajor''
| avg_speed          = ''avg_speed''
| εκκεντρότητα       = ''eccentricity''
| περίοδος           = ''period''
| inclination        = ''inclination''
| angular_dist       = ''angular_dist''
| long_periastron    = ''long_periastron''
| time_periastron    = ''time_periastron''
| semi-amplitude     = ''semi-amplitude''
| mean_radius        = ''mean_radius''
| surface_area       = ''surface_area''
| volume             = ''volume''
| πυκνότητσ          = ''density''
| surface_grav       = ''surface_grav''
| moment_of_inertia_factor = ''moment_of_inertia_factor''
| escape_velocity    = ''escape_velocity''
| μάζα               = ''mass''
| λευκαύγεια         = ''albedo''
| single_temperature = ''single_temperature''
}}
<pre style="font-size: 95%; overflow: auto;">
{{Κουτί πληροφοριών πλανήτη
| εξωηλιακόςπλανήτης = yes
| όνομα              = ''name''
| εικόνα             = Example image not to be used in article namespace.jpg
| image_alt          = ''image_alt''
| λεζάντα            = ''caption''
| apsis              = astron
| ανακαλύφτηκε       = ''discoverer''
| discovery_site     = ''discovery_site''
| discovered         = ''discovered''
| discovery_method   = ''discovery_method''
| alt_names          = ''alt_names''
| περίαστρο          = ''periastron''
| απόαστρο           = ''apoastron''
| semimajor          = ''semimajor''
| avg_speed          = ''avg_speed''
| εκκεντρότητα       = ''eccentricity''
| περίοδος           = ''period''
| inclination        = ''inclination''
| angular_dist       = ''angular_dist''
| long_periastron    = ''long_periastron''
| time_periastron    = ''time_periastron''
| semi-amplitude     = ''semi-amplitude''
| mean_radius        = ''mean_radius''
| surface_area       = ''surface_area''
| volume             = ''volume''
| πυκνότητσ          = ''density''
| surface_grav       = ''surface_grav''
| moment_of_inertia_factor = ''moment_of_inertia_factor''
| escape_velocity    = ''escape_velocity''
| μάζα               = ''mass''
| λευκαύγεια         = ''albedo''
| single_temperature = ''single_temperature''
}}
</pre>
{{clear}}

=== Ελάσσονες πλανήτες ===
''See {{section link||All parameters}} for a complete listing.''

{{Κουτί πληροφοριών πλανήτη
| minorplanet    = yes
| φόντο              = #FFFFC0
| όνομα              = ''name''
| σύμβολο            = ''symbol''
| εικόνα             = Example image not to be used in article namespace.jpg
| image_alt          = ''image_alt''
| λεζάντα            = ''caption''
| discovery_ref      = <ref>''discovery_ref''</ref>
| discoverer         = ''discoverer''
| discovered         = ''discovered''
| discovery_site     = ''discovery site''
| mpc_name           = ''mpc_name''
| mp_category        = ''mp_category''
| alt_names          = ''alt_names''
| orbit_ref          = <ref>''orbit_ref''</ref>
| epoch              = ''epoch''
| uncertainty        = ''uncertainty''
| observation_arc    = ''observation arc length''
| αφήλιο             = ''aphelion''
| περιήλιο           = ''perihelion''
| semimajor          = ''semimajor''
| εκκεντρότητα       = ''eccentricity''
| περίοδος           = ''period''
| avg_speed          = ''avg_speed''
| inclination        = ''inclination''
| mean_anomaly       = ''mean_anomaly''
| mean_motion        = ''mean_motion''
| asc_node           = ''asc_node''
| arg_peri           = ''arg_peri''
| p_orbit_ref        = <ref>''p_orbit_ref''</ref>
| p_semimajor        = ''p_semi_major''
| p_eccentricity     = ''p_eccentricity''
| p_inclination      = ''p_inclination''
| p_mean_motion      = 360
| perihelion_rate    = ''perihelion_rate''
| node_rate          = ''node_rate''
| δορυφόροι          = ''satellites''
| moid               = ''earth moid''
| mercury_moid       = ''(see '''[[#All parameters|All parameters]]''')''
| physical_ref       = <ref>''physical_ref''</ref>
| dimensions         = ''dimensions''
| mass               = ''mass''
| density            = ''density''
| surface_grav       = ''surface_grav''
| moment_of_inertia_factor = ''moment_of_inertia_factor''
| escape_velocity    = ''escape_velocity''
| sidereal_day       = ''sidereal_day''
| axial_tilt         = ''axial_tilt''
| pole_ecliptic_lat  = ''pole_ecliptic_lat''
| pole_ecliptic_lon  = ''pole_ecliptic_lon''
| λευκαύγεια         = ''albedo''
| temp_name1         = [[Kelvin]]
| mean_temp_1        = 150
| μέγιστη_θερμοκρασία_1   = 200
| temp_name2         = Celsius
| max_temp_2         = {{val|-73}}
| spectral_type      = ''spectral_type''
| abs_magnitude      = ''abs_magnitude''
}}
<pre style="font-size: 95%; overflow: auto;">
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet        = yes
| background         = #FFFFC0 <!--default color, yellow-->
| name               = 
| symbol             = 
| image              = 
| image_alt          = 
| caption            = 
| discovery_ref      = <ref>...</ref>
| discoverer         = 
| discovered         = 
| discovery_site     = ''discovery_site''
| mpc_name           = <!--(Minor Planet Center's designation)-->
| mp_category        = <!--(Minor planet category)-->
| alt_names          = <!--(Alternative names)-->
| orbit_ref          = <ref>...</ref>
| epoch              = 
| uncertainty        = [[Uncertainty Parameter U]]
| observation_arc    = [[Observation arc]] length
| aphelion           = 
| perihelion         = 
| semimajor          = 
| eccentricity       = 
| period             = 
| avg_speed          = <!--(Average orbital speed)-->
| inclination        = 
| asc_node           = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)-->
| mean_anomaly       = 
| mean_motion        = <!--(Instantaneous orbital mean motion)-->
| arg_peri           = <!--(Argument of perihelion)-->
| p_orbit_ref        = <ref>...</ref>
| p_semimajor        = 
| p_eccentricity     = 
| p_inclination      = 
| p_mean_motion      = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)-->
| perihelion_rate    = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)-->
| node_rate          = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)-->
| satellites         = 
| moid               = <!--(Earth moid only)-->
| mercury_moid       = <!--(see "All parameters" section)-->
| physical_ref       = <ref>...</ref>
| dimensions         = <!--(Uni/bi/tri-axial dimensions)-->
| mass               = 
| density            = 
| surface_grav       = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)-->
| moment_of_inertia_factor = <!--(Moment of inertia factor)-->
| escape_velocity    = 
| sidereal_day       = 
| axial_tilt         = 
| pole_ecliptic_lat  = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)-->
| pole_ecliptic_lon  = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)-->
| albedo             = 
| spectral_type      = 
| abs_magnitude      = <!--(Absolute magnitude)-->
| single_temperature = 
}}
</pre>

See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomical objects/Infoboxes#Minor planets (asteroids, comets, Kuiperoids, etc.)|here]] for <!--conventions regarding the use of this template--> means of semi-automating this template's transclusion as regards minor planets.
* For satellites of minor planets, include the parameter {{para|apsis| astron}} (see [[#Usage notes|above]]).
{{clear}}

== Σημειώσεις για τη χρήση ==

: ''Από [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomical objects/Infoboxes]]''

Οι περισσότερες από αυτές τις παραμέτρους πρέπει να μετρηθούν σε μονάδες [[SI]]. Some of them, however, should have more "human-accessible" units, in addition to SI units: several such cases are indicated with a second unit name in brackets. In the case of times (orbital periods, rotation), it is best to give all periods in days for comparison purposes, and provide a translation (in parentheses) into years, days, hours, etc.; whatever is most appropriate for the duration being described.

This template is very flexible. Moons with no atmosphere whatsoever could skip the atmospheric composition section entirely, for example (though atmospheric density would still be listed). Moons also wouldn't have their orbital radii listed in AU, since AUs are such large units. For planets, use "perihelion" and "aphelion" instead of "periapsis" and "apoapsis."

In the case of "number of moons" and "is a moon of", only one of these rows will be used by any given object. There aren't any moons with moons (yet), though perhaps "co-orbital with" might be a useful row to add in a few cases.

'''On orbital characteristics:''' The orbital circumference should be computed from the semi-major axis using [[Ellipse#Circumference|Ramanujan's approximation]] for ellipses. The ratio of that circumference to the period then gives the average orbital speed. The minimum and maximum speeds follow from Kepler's laws: <math>v_{max} = 2\pi a^2 \frac{\sqrt{1-e^2}}{T a (1-e)}</math> and <math>v_{min} = 2\pi a^2 \frac{\sqrt{1-e^2}}{T a (1+e)}</math>. Note that, by convention, all orbital parameters are given in the primocentric reference system (heliocentric for the planets).

'''On proper orbital elements:''' The formulae used by the template to convert from proper mean motion to proper orbital motion are: <br/>O<sub>years</sub> = 360 / M &nbsp; and<br/>O<sub>days</sub> = 365.25 x O<sub>years</sub>

'''On physical characteristics:''' The surface area and volume of non-spherical objects (e.g. moonlets, asteroids) must use the proper [[ellipsoid]] formulae, because even slight departures from sphericity will make a large difference, particularly for the area.

'''On the subject of obliquity:''' [[Obliquity]] is the angle between the object's axis of rotation and the normal to the plane of its orbit. Do not confuse this with the tilt listed in the JPL pages, which is a measure of the angle between the local [[Laplace plane]] and the primary's equatorial plane. In fact, most inner moons have [[synchronous rotation]]s, so their obliquities will be, by definition, zero. Outer moons simply have not been seen from close up enough to determine their true obliquities (although [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]], recently seen by [[Cassini (spacecraft)|''Cassini'']], is an exception; see [[Talk:Phoebe (moon)]] for the derivation of its obliquity).

=== All parameters ===

<pre style="font-size: 95%; overflow: auto;">
{{Infobox planet
| ελάσσωνπλανήτης        = yes <!-- enables features for minor planets -->
| εξωηλιακόςπλανήτης     = yes <!-- enables features for extrasolar planets -->
| πλάτος                 = <!-- Defunct. Do not use it. Remove it from existing templates. -->
| ετικέτα_πλάτος         = <!-- Sets the parameter name column's max width. Defaults to 11em. -->
| όνομα                  = <!-- displayed in caption of infobox -->
| σύμβολο                = <!--[[File:...|14px]]-->
| εικόνα                 = <!--[[File:...|260px]]-->
| image_alt              = 
| λεζάντα                = <!-- image caption -->
| φόντο                  = <!-- #FFFFC0 -->
| discovery_ref          = <ref>...</ref>
| discoverer             = <!-- person(s), survey -->
| discovery_site         = 
| discovered             = <!-- date -->
| discovery_method       = 
| designations           = <!-- Defunct. Do not use it. Remove it from existing templates. -->
| mpc_name               = 
| προφέρεται             = {{IPAc-en|<!-- IPA string -->}}
| ονομάστηκε_από         = 
| alt_names              = 
| mp_category            = 
| adjectives             = 
| orbit_ref              = <ref>...</ref>
| orbit_diagram          = <!-- [[File:...|260px]]-->
| epoch                  = 
| uncertainty            = 
| observation_arc        = 
| earliest_precovery_date = <!-- Encouraged, especially for distant new objects -->
| apsis                  = 
| αφήλιο                 = 
| περιήλιο               = 
| περίαστρο              = 
| απόαστρο               = 
| περιαψίς               = 
| αποαψίς                = 
| semimajor              = 
| μέση_orbit_radius      = 
| eccentricity           = 
| period                 = 
| synodic_period         = 
| avg_speed              = <!--(Average orbital speed)-->
| mean_anomaly           = 
| mean_motion            = <!--(Instantaneous orbital mean motion)-->
| inclination            = 
| angular_dist           = <!--(Angular distance)-->
| asc_node               = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)-->
| long_periastron        = <!--(Longitude of periastron)-->
| time_periastron        = <!--(Time of periastron)-->
| arg_peri               = <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])-->
| semi-amplitude         = 
| δορυφόρος_σε           = 
| δορυφόροι              = 
| moid                   = <!--(Earth MOID only)-->
| mercury_moid           = 
| venus_moid             = 
| mars_moid              = 
| jupiter_moid           = 
| saturn_moid            = 
| uranus_moid            = 
| neptune_moid           = 
| tisserand              = <!--(Jupiter Tisserand parameter)-->
| p_orbit_ref            = <ref>...</ref>
| p_semimajor            = 
| p_eccentricity         = 
| p_inclination          = 
| p_mean_motion          = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)-->
| perihelion_rate        = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)-->
| node_rate              = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)-->
| physical_ref           = <ref>...</ref>
| διαστάσεις             = <!--(Uni/bi/tri-axial dimensions)-->
| μέση_διάμετρος         = <!--(For large, spheroidal minor planets)-->
| mean_radius            = <!--(For planets & large, spheroidal minor planets)-->
| ισημερινή_ακτίνα       = 
| πολική_ακτίνα          = 
| flattening             = 
| περιφέρεια             = 
| επιφάνεια              = 
| όγκος                  = 
| μάζα                   = 
| πυκνότητα              = 
| surface_grav           = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)-->
| moment_of_inertia_factor = <!--(Moment of inertia factor)-->
| ταχύτητα_διαφυγής      = 
| sidereal_day           = 
| rot_velocity           = <!--(Rotational velocity)-->
| rotation               = <!--(Rotation period)-->
| axial_tilt             = 
| right_asc_north_pole   = <!--(North pole right ascension)-->
| declination            = <!--(North pole declination)-->
| pole_ecliptic_lat      = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)-->
| pole_ecliptic_lon      = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)-->
| albedo                 = 
| single_temperature     = 
| temp_name1             = 
| min_temp_1             = 
| mean_temp_1            = 
| max_temp_1             = 
| temp_name2             = 
| min_temp_2             = 
| mean_temp_2            = 
| max_temp_2             = 
| temp_name3             = 
| min_temp_3             = 
| mean_temp_3            = 
| max_temp_3             = 
| temp_name4             = 
| min_temp_4             = 
| mean_temp_4            = 
| max_temp_4             = 
| spectral_type          = 
| family                 = 
| μέγεθος                = <!--(Apparent magnitude)-->
| abs_magnitude          = <!--(Absolute magnitude)-->
| angular_size           = 
| atmosphere_ref         = <ref>...</ref>
| surface_pressure       = 
| scale_height           = 
| atmosphere_composition = 
| note                   = 
}}
</pre>
{{clear}}

== Υπολογίσιμες παράμετροι ==

Αυτή η ενότητα καταγράφει πως μερικές ελάσσονες πλανητικές παράμετροι μπορούν να υπολογιστούν όταν δεν μετρώνται απευθείας. More detail can be found in [[Standard asteroid physical characteristics]]. <!-- In particular, this is how [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomical objects/Infoboxes#Minor planets (asteroids, comets, Kuiperoids, etc.)|AstOrb Browser]] computes these values. -->

=== Μέση ταχύτητα περιφοράς ===
This is very simply the orbital circumference divided by the orbital period.

The exact [[circumference]] of an ellipse is <math>4 a E(e)</math>,
where ''a'' is the [[semi-major axis]], ''e'' the [[eccentricity (mathematics)|eccentricity]], and the function ''E'' is the complete [[elliptic integral]] of the [[Elliptic integral#Complete elliptic integral of the second kind|second kind]]. This gives
: <math>
v_o = \frac{4 a E(e)}{T}
</math>
''E'' is close to <math> \pi / 2</math> when ''e'' is small.

An approximation using a [[taylor series]] expansion is
: <math>
v_o = \frac{2\pi a}{T}\left[1-\frac{e^2}{4}-\frac{3e^4}{64} - \dots \right]
</math>

[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomical objects/Infoboxes#Minor planets (asteroids, comets, Kuiperoids, etc.)|AstOrb Browser]] computes a velocity using [[Srinivasa Ramanujan|Ramanujan]]'s approximation for an [[Ellipse#Circumference|ellipse's circumference]]:
: <math>v_o \approx \frac{\pi}{T} \left[3(a+b) - \sqrt{(3a+b)(a+3b)}\right] </math>
Where ''b'' is the orbit's [[semi-minor axis]]:
: <math>b = a \sqrt{1-e^2}\,\!</math>

=== Surface gravity ===

{{main|Surface gravity}}
For a ''spherical'' body of mass ''m'', and radius ''r'', the [[gravitational acceleration]] at the surface, is given by

: <math>g_{\rm spherical} = \frac{GM}{r^2}\,\!</math>

Where ''G'' = 6.6742{{e|−11}} m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−2</sup>kg<sup>−1</sup> is the [[Gravitational constant]], ''M'' is the mass of the body, and ''r'' its radius. This value is very approximate, as most minor planets are far from spherical.

For ''irregularly shaped bodies'', the surface gravity will differ appreciably with location. However, at the outermost point/s, where the distance to the [[centre of mass]] is the greatest, the surface gravity is still given by a simple formula, a slightly modified version of the above that uses the largest radius <math>r_{\rm max}</math>

: <math>g_{\rm outer} = \frac{GM}{r_{\rm max}^2}\,.\!</math>

because all the body's mass is contained within this radius.

On a ''rotating body'', the apparent weight experienced by an object on the surface is reduced by the [[centrifugal force]], when one is away from the poles. The centrifugal acceleration experienced at the equator is

: <math>g_{\rm centrifugal} = -\left(\frac{2\pi}{T}\right)^2 r_{\rm eq}</math>

where ''T'' is the rotation period in seconds, and <math>r_{\rm eq}</math> is the equatorial radius (usually also the maximum radius used above). The negative sign indicates that it acts in the opposite direction to the gravitational acceleration ''g''.

The ''effective surface gravity at the equator'' is then

: <math> g_{\rm effective} \approx g_{\rm gravitational} + g_{\rm centrifugal}
= g_{\rm gravitational} - |g_{\rm centrifugal}|\ .</math>

=== Escape velocity ===

For surface gravity ''g'' and radius ''r'', the escape velocity is:
: <math>v_e = \sqrt{2gr}</math>

This value is much less sensitive to the factors affecting the surface gravity, mentioned above.

=== Temperature ===

For asteroid albedo ''α'', semimajor axis ''a'', [[solar luminosity]] ''<math>L_0</math>'', and asteroid [[infrared]] emissivity ''ε'' (usually taken to be ~0.9), the approximate mean temperature ''T'' is given by:
: <math>T = \left ( \frac{(1 - \alpha) L_0}{\epsilon \sigma 16 \pi a^2} \right )^{\frac{1}{4}}</math>

Where ''σ'' is [[Stefan-Boltzmann constant]]. See also {{cite book
 | author1 = Torrence V. Johnson
 | author2 = Paul R. Weissman
 | author3 = Lucy-Ann A. McFadden
 | year = 2007 | title = Encyclopedia of the Solar System
 | pages = 294 | publisher = Elsevier
 | isbn = 978-0-12-088589-3 }}.

== Other parameters ==

===earliest_precovery_date===
Encouraged, especially for distant new objects, so as to ascertain the accuracy of an object's calculated orbit.

Not to be confused with the [[JPL Small-Body Database]]'s ''first obs. used'' parameter; they need not be synonymous.

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateData header}}
<templatedata>
{
	"params": {
		"όνομα  ": {
			"label": "Όνομα  ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "name of planet"
		},
		"symbol ": {
			"label": "Symbol ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "symbol of planet"
		},
		"background": {
			"label": "Background",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "background color for section headings"
		},
		"bgcolour": {
			"label": "Background",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": true,
			"description": "deprecated parameter to set background color for section headings. Use parameter 'background' instead"
		},
		"width": {
			"label": "Width",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": true,
			"description": "defunct parameter to set width of infobox. Do not use it. Remove it from existing templates. Width of infobox can no longer be adjusted. However, if the template contains an image, the width of the infobox will adjust accordingly and change from its default width of about 260px"
		},
		"label_width ": {
			"label": "Label_width ",
			"type": "string",
			"default": "11em",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "Max width of the parameter name column"
		},
		"image ": {
			"label": "Image ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "image of planet"
		},
		"caption ": {
			"label": "Caption ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "caption "
		},
		"apsis": {
			"label": "Apsis",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"discovery ": {
			"label": "Discovery ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": true,
			"description": "deprecated parameter to enable the 'Discovery' heading, which now displays automatically when a discovery parameter is set"
		},
		"discovery_ref ": {
			"label": "Discovery_ref ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "<ref>...</ref>, reference displayed in section heading"
		},
		"discoverer": {
			"label": "Discoverer",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "discoverer of planet"
		},
		"discovery_site": {
			"label": "Discovery_site",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"discovered ": {
			"label": "Discovered ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "discovered "
		},
		"discovery_method ": {
			"label": "Discovery_method ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"mpc_name ": {
			"label": "mpc_name ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"pronounced": {
			"label": "Pronounced",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"named_after": {
			"label": "Named_after",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"mp_category  ": {
			"label": "mp_category  ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"alt_names ": {
			"label": "Alt_names ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"orbital_characteristics": {
			"label": "Orbital_characteristics",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": true,
			"description": "deprecated parameter to enable the 'Orbital characteristics' heading, which now displays automatically when an orbital characteristic parameter is set"
		},
		"orbit_ref ": {
			"label": "Orbit_ref ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "<ref>...</ref>, reference displayed in section heading"
		},
		"orbit_diagram ": {
			"label": "Orbit_diagram ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "image link, just like in prose. ex.: [[File:1992 TC orbital diagram.jpg|260px]]"
		},
		"epoch ": {
			"label": "Epoch ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"uncertainty": {
			"label": "Uncertainty_parameter",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"observation_arc": {
			"label": "Observation_arc",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"earliest_precovery_date": {
			"label": "Earliest_precovery_date",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"aphelion": {
			"label": "Aphelion",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"perihelion ": {
			"label": "Perihelion ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"periastron": {
			"label": "Periastron",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"apoastron": {
			"label": "Apoastron",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"periapsis": {
			"label": "Periapsis",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"apoapsis ": {
			"label": "Apoapsis ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"semimajor ": {
			"label": "Semimajor ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"mean_orbit_radius ": {
			"label": "Mean_orbit_radius ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"eccentricity ": {
			"label": "Eccentricity ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"period": {
			"label": "Period",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"synodic_period": {
			"label": "Synodic_period",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"avg_speed  ": {
			"label": "Avg_speed  ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Average orbital speed)"
		},
		"mean_anomaly": {
			"label": "Mean_anomaly",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"mean_motion": {
			"label": "Mean_motion",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"κλίση τροχιάς ": {
			"label": "Κλίση τροχιάς ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"angular_dist ": {
			"label": "Angular_dist ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Angular distance)"
		},
		"asc_node ": {
			"label": "Asc_node ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Longitude of ascending node)"
		},
		"long_periastron ": {
			"label": "Long_periastron ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Longitude of periastron)"
		},
		"time_periastron ": {
			"label": "Time_periastron ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Time of periastron)"
		},
		"arg_peri ": {
			"label": "Arg_peri ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"semi-amplitude ": {
			"label": "Semi-amplitude ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"p_orbit_ref": {
			"label": "p_orbit_ref",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "<ref>...</ref>, reference displayed in section heading"
		},
		"p_semimajor ": {
			"label": "p_semimajor ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		" p_eccentricity ": {
			"label": " p_eccentricity ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"p_inclination ": {
			"label": "p_inclination ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"p_mean_motion ": {
			"label": "p_mean_motion ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Proper orbital mean motion)"
		},
		"perihelion_rate": {
			"label": "Perihelion_rate",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Proper perihelic precession rate)"
		},
		"node_rate ": {
			"label": "Node_rate ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Proper nodal precession rate)"
		},
		"satellite_of ": {
			"label": "Satellite_of ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"satellites ": {
			"label": "Satellites ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"moid  ": {
			"label": "Moid  ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		" mercury_moid ": {
			"label": "Mercury_moid ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"venus_moid ": {
			"label": "Venus_moid ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"mars_moid ": {
			"label": "Mars_moid ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"jupiter_moid": {
			"label": "Jupiter_moid",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"saturn_moid ": {
			"label": "Saturn_moid ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		" uranus_moid": {
			"label": "Uranus_moid",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"neptune_moid": {
			"label": "Neptune_moid",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"tisserand": {
			"label": "Tisserand",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"physical_characteristics": {
			"label": "Physical_characteristics",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": true,
			"description": "deprecated parameter to enable the 'Physical characteristics' heading, which now displays automatically when a physical characteristic parameter is set"
		},
		"dimensions": {
			"label": "Dimensions",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"flattening  ": {
			"label": "Flattening  ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"equatorial_radius": {
			"label": "Equatorial_radius",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"polar_radius": {
			"label": "Polar_radius",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"mean_diameter": {
			"label": "Mean_diameter",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"mean_radius": {
			"label": "Mean_radius",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"circumference": {
			"label": "Circumference",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"surface_area ": {
			"label": "Surface_area ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		" volume": {
			"label": "Volume",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		" mass ": {
			"label": "Mass ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"density": {
			"label": "Density",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"surface_grav ": {
			"label": "Surface_grav ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Equatorial surface gravity)"
		},
		"moment_of_inertia_factor": {
			"label": "Moment_of_inertia_factor",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Moment of inertia factor)"
		},
		"escape_velocity": {
			"label": "Escape_velocity",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"sidereal_day ": {
			"label": "Sidereal_day ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"rot_velocity": {
			"label": "Rot_velocity",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Rotational velocity)"
		},
		" axial_tilt  ": {
			"label": "Axial_tilt  ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"right_asc_north_pole": {
			"label": "Right_asc_north_pole",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(North pole right ascension)"
		},
		"declination ": {
			"label": "Declination ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(North pole declination)"
		},
		" pole_ecliptic_lat": {
			"label": " Pole_ecliptic_lat",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Pole ecliptic latitude)"
		},
		"pole_ecliptic_lon ": {
			"label": "Pole_ecliptic_lon ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Pole ecliptic longitude)"
		},
		"albedo ": {
			"label": "Albedo ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"single_temperature ": {
			"label": "Single_temperature ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"temp_name1": {
			"label": "Temp_name1",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"min_temp_1": {
			"label": "Min_temp_1",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		" mean_temp_1 ": {
			"label": "Mean_temp_1 ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"max_temp_1": {
			"label": "Max_temp_1",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"temp_name2   ": {
			"label": "Temp_name2   ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"min_temp_2 ": {
			"label": "Min_temp_2 ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"mean_temp_2 ": {
			"label": "Mean_temp_2 ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"max_temp_2 ": {
			"label": "Max_temp_2 ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"spectral_type ": {
			"label": "Spectral_type ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"magnitude    ": {
			"label": "Magnitude    ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Apparent magnitude)"
		},
		"abs_magnitude": {
			"label": "Abs_magnitude",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "(Absolute magnitude)"
		},
		"angular_size ": {
			"label": "Angular_size ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"pronounced  ": {
			"label": "Pronounced  ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "{{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}}"
		},
		"adjectives ": {
			"label": "Adjectives ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"atmosphere_ref ": {
			"label": "Atmosphere_ref ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false,
			"description": "<ref>...</ref>, reference displayed in section heading"
		},
		"surface_pressure ": {
			"label": "Επιφανειακή πίεσηe ",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"scale_height": {
			"label": "Scale_height",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"atmosphere_composition": {
			"label": "Atmosphere_composition",
			"type": "string",
			"required": false,
			"suggested": false,
			"deprecated": false
		},
		"extrasolarplanet": {
			"label": "Εξωηλιακόςπλανήτης",
			"description": "when given a value (e.g. yes) it changes labels, section headings and links to a specifically customized version for extrasolar planets. This is a functional parameter only and has no label or value that is displayed",
			"type": "string"
		},
		"minorplanet": {
			"label": "Ελάσσωνπλανήτης",
			"description": "when given a value (e.g. yes) it changes labels, section headings and links to a specifically customized version for minor planets. This is a functional parameter only and has no label or value that is displayed",
			"type": "string"
		}
	},
	"paramOrder": [
		"minorplanet",
		"extrasolarplanet",
		"όνομα  ",
		"symbol ",
		"background",
		"bgcolour",
		"width",
		"label_width ",
		"image ",
		"caption ",
		"apsis",
		"discovery ",
		"discovery_ref ",
		"discoverer",
		"discovery_site",
		"discovered ",
		"discovery_method ",
		"mpc_name ",
		"pronounced",
		"named_after",
		"mp_category  ",
		"alt_names ",
		"orbital_characteristics",
		"orbit_ref ",
		"orbit_diagram ",
		"epoch ",
		"uncertainty",
		"observation_arc",
		"earliest_precovery_date",
		"aphelion",
		"perihelion ",
		"periastron",
		"apoastron",
		"periapsis",
		"apoapsis ",
		"semimajor ",
		"mean_orbit_radius ",
		"eccentricity ",
		"period",
		"synodic_period",
		"avg_speed  ",
		"mean_anomaly",
		"mean_motion",
		"κλίση τροχιάς ",
		"angular_dist ",
		"asc_node ",
		"long_periastron ",
		"time_periastron ",
		"arg_peri ",
		"semi-amplitude ",
		"p_orbit_ref",
		"p_semimajor ",
		" p_eccentricity ",
		"p_inclination ",
		"p_mean_motion ",
		"perihelion_rate",
		"node_rate ",
		"satellite_of ",
		"satellites ",
		"moid  ",
		" mercury_moid ",
		"venus_moid ",
		"mars_moid ",
		"jupiter_moid",
		"saturn_moid ",
		" uranus_moid",
		"neptune_moid",
		"tisserand",
		"physical_characteristics",
		"dimensions",
		"flattening  ",
		"equatorial_radius",
		"polar_radius",
		"mean_diameter",
		"mean_radius",
		"circumference",
		"surface_area ",
		" volume",
		" mass ",
		"density",
		"surface_grav ",
		"moment_of_inertia_factor",
		"escape_velocity",
		"sidereal_day ",
		"rot_velocity",
		" axial_tilt  ",
		"right_asc_north_pole",
		"declination ",
		" pole_ecliptic_lat",
		"pole_ecliptic_lon ",
		"albedo ",
		"single_temperature ",
		"temp_name1",
		"min_temp_1",
		" mean_temp_1 ",
		"max_temp_1",
		"temp_name2   ",
		"min_temp_2 ",
		"mean_temp_2 ",
		"max_temp_2 ",
		"spectral_type ",
		"magnitude    ",
		"abs_magnitude",
		"angular_size ",
		"pronounced  ",
		"adjectives ",
		"atmosphere_ref ",
		"surface_pressure ",
		"scale_height",
		"atmosphere_composition"
	]
}
</templatedata>

== Microformat ==
{{UF-hcard-place}}

== References ==
<references />

<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||
[[Κατηγορία:Πρότυπα αστρονομίας]]

}}</includeonly>